Fingerprints can be deposited on virtually any solid surface—including the human body. In forensic science, fingerprints are classified based on the type of surface on which they are found and whether they are visible or invisible.
Plastic (Three-Dimensional) Prints are typically found on soft surfaces such as soap, wax, wet paint, fresh caulk, or putty. These impressions retain the ridge detail of the finger in three dimensions.
Patent (Visible) Prints occur when a finger transfers a visible substance—such as blood, dirt, ink, grease, or paint—onto another surface. These prints may be found on both porous surfaces (paper, cloth, wood) and nonporous surfaces (glass, metal, plastic).
Latent (Invisible) Prints are formed when the natural oils and perspiration present on human skin are deposited onto a surface. While latent prints may be present on many surfaces, they are not visible to the naked eye and require specialized forensic techniques to detect and develop. Generally, smoother and less porous surfaces offer the greatest potential for successful latent print recovery.
How Fingerprints Are Collected
Collection of Patent Prints
Patent prints are documented primarily through high-resolution forensic photography. Images are captured using proper lighting techniques and include a forensic measurement scale to preserve dimensional accuracy. When necessary, investigators may utilize low-angle lighting, alternate light sources, or enhancement dyes to improve image clarity.
Collection of Latent Prints
One of the most common methods for locating latent fingerprints on smooth or nonporous surfaces is the application of fingerprint powders (e.g., black granular, aluminum flake, magnetic powders). Once developed, latent prints are photographed and lifted using clear adhesive tape, then preserved on a latent lift card.
However, powder application may compromise other forensic opportunities. For this reason, Global Intelligence Bureau investigators often employ non-destructive examination techniques first, including alternate light source examination or cyanoacrylate (super glue) fuming, before applying powders.
Advanced Detection Techniques
Alternate Light Source (ALS)
Alternate light sources—including laser and LED-based systems—emit specific wavelengths of light that can reveal latent prints otherwise invisible to the eye. When combined with optical filters, ALS technology allows investigators to locate and photograph prints on surfaces such as doors, windows, railings, furniture, and electronic equipment without physical contact.
Chemical Developers
Porous surfaces such as paper are commonly processed using chemical developers, including ninhydrin, DFO (1,2-diazafluoren-9-one), and physical developer. These chemicals react with amino acids and inorganic salts within fingerprint residue, causing ridge detail to appear or fluoresce under specific lighting conditions.
Specialized Collection Methods
Certain surfaces require advanced forensic techniques. Bloody impressions on skin may be enhanced using Amido Black protein staining. Prints on clothing or difficult substrates may be developed using vacuum metal deposition (gold/zinc). For rough, textured, or curved surfaces, AccuTrans® casting compound may be used to preserve ridge detail when traditional lifting methods are ineffective.
To preserve evidentiary integrity, non-destructive examinations are always performed before chemical processing. For example, questioned documents are examined prior to ninhydrin application, as some inks may be altered or destroyed during chemical treatment.
Who Conducts the Analysis
Fingerprint analysis is performed by trained forensic examiners with specialized education and experience. In criminal matters, computerized systems search local, state, and national databases to identify potential matches. These systems generate candidate results, which are then reviewed and confirmed by a qualified examiner.
Many agencies require fingerprint examiners to possess a four-year degree in a natural science and to obtain professional certification. At Global Intelligence Bureau, examiners may hold certification through the International Association for Identification (IAI). Certification standards are available at
www.theiai.org
.
Where the Analysis Is Performed
Fingerprint examinations are typically conducted by law enforcement agencies or accredited crime laboratories. However, private forensic laboratories are often engaged to reduce case backlogs, verify findings, support litigation, or handle high-profile matters.
Global Intelligence Bureau maintains a full in-house forensic laboratory dedicated to fingerprint collection and analysis.
Our examiners utilize precision tools, including forensic loupes and ridge counters, to evaluate ridge flow, minutiae, and pattern characteristics in accordance with accepted forensic standards.
The Fingerprint Analysis Process (ACE-V Methodology)
Fingerprint examiners follow the internationally accepted ACE-V methodology:
Analysis – Determining whether a print is suitable for comparison and identifying usable features and tolerances.
Comparison – Side-by-side examination of known and unknown prints to assess corresponding ridge characteristics and minutiae.
Evaluation – Reaching a conclusion of identification, exclusion, or inconclusive based on the observed similarities or differences.
Verification – Independent review by a second qualified examiner to confirm or refute the original conclusion.
This structured, multi-step process ensures that fingerprint conclusions are objective, reproducible, and defensible in court.
Professional, Court-Defensible Forensic Services
Global Intelligence Bureau provides professional fingerprint collection and forensic analysis for criminal defense, civil litigation, insurance investigations, and private matters. All work is conducted using established forensic protocols, strict chain-of-custody procedures, and reporting suitable for judicial and legal review.
If you require expert fingerprint analysis, consultation, or testimony, contact The Global Intelligence Bureau for a confidential evaluation of your case.
